The Importance of Metadata Standards

MetadataData about data. Metadata provides a context for research findings, ideally in a machine-readable format. It enables discovery of data via an electronic interface, and correct use and attribution of findings. Related Guide Standards are sets of topic specific norms and definitions to guide the collection and documentation of metadata so that the result is characterized by consistent collection criteria, nomenclature, and structure. This "formal metadataMetadata that conforms to a specific standard, with consistent collection criteria, terminology and structure. Related Guide" enables interoperabilityThe ability of two or more information systems to exchange metadata with minimal loss of information. Related Guide among similarly formatted databases on local and global scales, greatly enhancing the reach of scientific research through data sharing. In order for data to be interoperable, consistent vocabularyA set of terms (e.g., words) that are used in a specific community. Related Guide must be used throughout and among data sets for describing a particular type of scientific inquiry, natural phenomenon or analytical method. Data sets that do not have consistent terminology between them may still be made interoperable by using ontologiesA type of relational controlled vocabulary, which provides for categories, relationships, rules and axioms among metadata elements. Typically a hierarchy of classes and terms, an ontology is a machine-readable way of relating metadata terminology. Related Guide to associate terms with common definitions.

For more information, please see the Ontologies section.

Interoperability also involves standards of database structure and organization in parallel with others that adhere to the standard. The combination of vocabulary and database standards enables reliable queries during data searches and the use of common analytical models allowing for collaboration between projects and individuals that are studying similar concerns.

In addition to the collaborative benefits of using metadata standards, they also provide specific advantages to the individual project. A good metadata standard results from the broad consultation of experienced researchers in a particular field, so that using one serves to ensure quality data collection and documentation when considered along with scientific design, field protocolsA strategy for transmitting data between systems. A protocol can be used not only over the internet, between computers, but also between applications running anywhere. Examples: FTP, SNMP, SSH. and data processing methods. The guidance of an established standard provides for the definition of the geographic, environmental and equipment related information that should be recorded while in the field. Standards also provide direction for the documentation of data processing, file naming conventions and formats, and a glossary of precise definitions for applicable terms. These provisions allow the researcher to capitalize on tools designed to facilitate data interoperability through quality data collection and organization.

Data collected in accordance with the quality and organizational guidelines set out in an established metadata standard are not only more easily shared, the studies that rely on such data are more easily funded! An increasingly common way to share and seek data on a particular topic is through the use of “data clearinghouses” or “geo-portals” that serve as cyber-depots for the sharing of data and collaboration between scientists of related interests. The consistency that is provided by the use of standards is essential for such sites to function and adherence to a standard is most likely a prerequisite for participation. Additionally, many funding agencies are now requiring the use of metadata standards, or a particular one, in projects that they support to assure that the data from studies that they fund can be easily integrated into existing databases and GISGeographic Information System projects.